Several causal effects are measured using least squares regressions and basis function approximations. Backward and forward selection methods based on different criteria are used to select the basis functions.

Various estimators of causal effects based on inverse probability weighting, doubly robust estimation, and double machine learning. Specifically, the package includes methods for estimating average treatment effects, direct and indirect effects in causal mediation analysis, and dynamic treatment effects. The models refer to studies of Froelich (2007) <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2006.06.004>, Huber (2012) <doi:10.3102/1076998611411917>, Huber (2014) <doi:10.1080/07474938.2013.806197>, Huber (2014) <doi:10.1002/jae.2341>, Froelich and Huber (2017) <doi:10.1111/rssb.12232>, Hsu, Huber, Lee, and Lettry (2020)  <doi:10.1002/jae.2765>, and others.

This tool performs pairwise correlation analysis and estimate causality.
    Particularly, it is useful for detecting the metabolites that would be altered by the gut bacteria.

While data from randomized experiments remain the gold standard for causal inference, estimation of causal estimands from observational data is possible through various confounding adjustment methods. However, the challenge of unmeasured confounding remains a concern in causal inference, where failure to account for unmeasured confounders can lead to biased estimates of causal estimands. Sensitivity analysis within the framework of causal inference can help adjust for possible unmeasured confounding. In `causens`, three main methods are implemented: adjustment via sensitivity functions (Brumback, Hernán, Haneuse, and Robins (2004) <doi:10.1002/sim.1657> and Li, Shen, Wu, and Li (2011) <doi:10.1093/aje/kwr096>), Bayesian parametric modelling and Monte Carlo approaches (McCandless, Lawrence C and Gustafson, Paul (2017) <doi:10.1002/sim.7298>).

Design and use of control charts for detecting mean changes 
 based on a delayed updating of the in-control parameter estimates.
 See Capizzi and Masarotto (2019) <doi:10.1080/00224065.2019.1640096> for the
 description of the method.