Implements 'Markowitz' Critical Line Algorithm ('CLA') for classical
  mean-variance portfolio optimization, see Markowitz (1952) <doi:10.2307/2975974>.
  Care has been taken for correctness in light of previous buggy implementations.

Various cladogenesis-related calculations that are slow in pure R are implemented in C++ with Rcpp. These include the calculation of the probability of various scenarios for the inheritance of geographic range at the divergence events on a phylogenetic tree, and other calculations necessary for models which are not continuous-time markov chains (CTMC), but where change instead occurs instantaneously at speciation events.  Typically these models must assess the probability of every possible combination of (ancestor state, left descendent state, right descendent state).  This means that there are up to (# of states)^3 combinations to investigate, and in biogeographical models, there can easily be hundreds of states, so calculation time becomes an issue.  C++ implementation plus clever tricks (many combinations can be eliminated a priori) can greatly speed the computation time over naive R implementations.  CITATION INFO: This package is the result of my Ph.D. research, please cite the package if you use it!  Type: citation(package="cladoRcpp") to get the citation information.

The analysis of conflicting claims arises when an amount has
    to be divided among a set of agents with claims that exceed what is
    available. A rule is a way of selecting a division among the
    claimants. This package computes the main rules introduced in the
    literature from ancient times to the present. The inventory of rules
    covers the proportional and the adjusted proportional rules, the
    constrained equal awards and the constrained equal losses rules, the
    constrained egalitarian, the Piniles’ and the minimal overlap rules,
    the random arrival and the Talmud rules. Besides, the Dominguez and
    Thomson and the average-of-awards rules are also included.  All of
    them can be found in the book by W. Thomson (2019), How to divide when
    there isn't enough. From Aristotle, the Talmud, and Maimonides to the
    axiomatics of resource allocation', except for the average-of-awards
    rule, introduced by Mirás Calvo et al. (2022),
    <doi:10.1007/s00355-022-01414-6>.  In addition, graphical diagrams
    allow the user to represent, among others, the set of awards, the
    paths of awards, the schedules of awards of a rule, and some indexes.
    A good understanding of the similarities and differences between the
    rules is useful for better decision-making. Therefore, this package
    could be helpful to students, researchers, and managers alike.  For a
    more detailed explanation of the package, see Mirás Calvo et al.
    (2023), <doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2022.100160>.